Network+ Review

1. What type of fiber commonly uses lasers as a transmission source?
• Single-Mode Fiber  is used for laser trasmission
• Multi-Mode Fiber is used for LED most commonly 
• large-core fiber is another name to multi-mode fiber 
2. Is distance the only advantage in using single-mode over multi-mode fiber-optic cable?
• Multi-Mode Fiber
• short range communication (up to 2 km) 
• does not use lasers, most commonly uses LED 
• inexpensive light source 
• uses an orange color cable 
• called multi-mode because light can take more than one path through the cable 
• single-mode fiber
• small core 
• light only takes one path 
• up to 100km without processing
• most commonly uses laser light 
• normally a yellow cable color
• Short Answer, YES.
3. What is the difference between a logical and a physical network topologies?

• Completely different forms of documenting a network
• physical network layout
• 
• shows routers, servers, other connections 
• main issue is determining what subnet things are on 
• devices in a physical map can be on completely different networks 
• used for troubleshooting physical issues (i.e. cabling and conections)
• Logical network diagram 
• 
• you can see the routing paths 
• used for troubleshooting data connections
• given subnets 
• identifies location routers 

Media Converters

Media Converters 

• used to convert from one form of media to another
• most typical is to convert between copper cabling and fiber optic cabling 

CSU/DSU

• Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit 
• a hardware device which converts data frames used on a LAN into data frames uesd on a WAN
• typically used to connect a T1 line to a local network

Network+

Load Balancer

• Load balancers are used when there are more than one line of communication available
• help to divide communication evenly between the different communication lines
• a form of clustering
• where you have more than one server servicing clients 

Bandwidth Shaper 

• used to help make communication more efficient
• provide a much higer level of control over what data gets sent where and when 
• can limit what data gets sent at what time 
• also known as bandwidth throttling 

Understanding IPv6 routing

Understanding Why IPv6 was Created 

• Limitations of IPv4
• IPv4 has been in use since 1981
• introduced and detailed in RFC 791 
• no substantial updates/improvements
• Exhaustion of IPv4 Address Space
• Explosive growth of the commercial internet
• proliferation of IP-enables devices (smartphones, tablets, etc)
• short-term solutions
• CIDR Classless Interdomain Routing
• NAT Network Address Translation 
• Private Addressing
• Integrated Security
• Original IPv4 specification did not indentify any security mechanisms
• IPsec was a later addition to IP 
• Scalability
• even with CIDR a typical BGP routing table is enormous 
• AT&T route server lists around 373,800 prefixes
• governments are mandating IPv6 adoption
• Benefits of IPv6 Improvements
• Vast Address Space
• 128 bit addressing (as opposed to 32 bit)
• addressing space is about 340 trillion addresses
• Address Assignment
• ability of a device to detect/create its own address
• advanced DHCP and auto-configuration features 
• Global Address Aggregation
• Hierarchical structure

Troubleshooting OSPF: Show Commands and Debug Commands

Relevant Debug and Show Commands 

1. OSPF Show Commands
2. OSPF Debug Commands 

OSPF Show Commands

• Show IP Protocols 
• Data Displayed by the command:
• OSPF Status and process-id
• area types configured
• protocols being redistributed
• networks being advertised
• neighbors/gateways
• helpful in troubleshooting:
• neighbor relationships
• missing routes
• summarization issues 
• filtering problems 
• Show IP route OSPF
• Data Displayed by the Command;
• OSPF routes from neigbors
• administrative distance
• cumulative cost metric
• route source/interface
• helpful in troubleshooting:
• missing routes 
• summarization issues 
• filtering problems
• general troubleshooting 
• Show IP OSPF Interfaces
• Data Displayed:
• Interfaces participating in OSPF
• Network Type(s)
• Neighbor count
• Authentication Type
• Timer Values
• Helpful in troubleshooting:
• neighbor relationships
• local congiuration issues
• routing problems
• Show IP OSPF Neighbors
• data displayed:
• Active fully adjacent neighbors
• router ID of neighbors
• IP address/interface of neighbors
• dead time of neighbors
• neighbor state/DR state (designated router state)
• Helpful for;
• Neighbor relationships
• local configuration issues
• Show IP OSPF Database
• Data Displayed:
• LSA types Per area
• Advertising router
• Link ID(Subnet)
• age
• Helpful For:
• Missing Routes
• Filtering Problems
• General troubleshooting 

How to Configure an IP Address: Windows

1. Start
1. Control Center
2. Network & Internet 
3. Network Connections
2. Local Area Connection 
1. right click properties
2. ipv4 properties (this is where you configure without DHCP)

General: 

1. Give it an IP (Either automatically or manually)
1. Give it a subnet Mask
2. give it a default gateway
2. establish a DNS server addresses (either automatically or manually)
1. give it a preferred DNS server
2. give it an alternate DNS server

Alternate Configuration: 

1. Click APIPA (Automatic Private IP address)
2. OR User Configured (Static) as a backup
1. configure for critical machines 
1. allows the ability to troubleshoot if there are network issues 

Net+ Exam

I have successfully registered for the network+ certification exam. I chose the date June 4th at 10am.

:D